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The Millennium Development Goals are, in short,
a framework world leaders have agreed upon to reduce poverty and
improve lives. The eight goals offer a vision of what we want to
achieve to address the eight agreed problems. The goals respond
to the problem by creating a vision.
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Problem |
Goal |
| 1
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Billions of people
live in poverty all over the world. Poverty has many dimensions.
1.2 billion people live on less than a $1 a day. Millions
do not have access to land and housing. Millions more do not
have access to basic services like water and sanitation.
800 million people are undernourished and
153 million children are underweight. The challenges include
distributing food more equitably and increasing productivity. |
Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger |
| 2 |
Worldwide, primary
school enrolment has been improving, rising from 80% in 1990
to roughly 85% now. But this means that, of the 680 million
children of primary school age, 115 million are still not
in school — 97% of them in developing countries.
Ironically, countries can usually spend
more on education as their economies grow. The poorest countries
need to spend more on education to escape their poverty –
but they do not have resources to make such an investment.
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Achieve universal primary education |
| 3 |
3 64% of the world’s estimated 876 million illiterate
adults are women. 80 % of all refugees are women and 60% of
the 113 million children not in primary schools are girls. Around
the world, women’s earned income is still significantly
less than men’s earned income. Only in nine countries
in the world are a third or more of the seats in national parliaments
held by women. |
Promote gender equality and empower
women |
| 4 |
4 Every year, more than 10 million children
die of preventable causes – 30 000 per day. Immunisations
in developing countries had levelled off at about 75% of children
in 1990. In recent years, immunisations have fallen below 50%
in sub-Saharan Africa. Sub-Saharan Africa, ravaged by HIV/AIDS,
saw life expectancy reverse in the 1990s from already low levels.
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Reduce child mortality |
| 5 |
5 Every year, 500 000 women die as a result
of pregnancy and childbirth. In sub-Saharan Africa, a woman
has a 1 in 16 chance of dying in pregnancy or childbirth. In
OECD countries, it is 1 out of 2 800. |
Improve maternal health |
| 6 |
By the year 2000,
almost 22 million people had died from AIDS, 13 million children
had lost their mother or both parents to the disease and more
than 40 million people were living with the HIV virus, 90%
of them in developing countries, 75% in sub-Saharan Africa.
Every year, there are more than 300 million
cases of malaria, 90% of them in sub-Saharan Africa. And every
year, 60 million people are infected with tuberculosis. Current
medical technologies can preventcure these diseases from being
fatal, but lack of access to healthcare means that tuberculosis
kills 2 million people per year and malaria 1 million. |
Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other
diseases |
| 7 |
7 In 2000, more than 1 billion people in developing countries
(1 in 5) lacked access to safe drinking water, and 2.4 billion
lacked access to adequate sanitation. Both can be life-or-death
issues. Soil degradation affects nearly 2 billion hectares of
land, damaging the livelihoods of up to 1 billion people. 70%
of commercial fisheries are fully or over-exploited. 1.7 billion
people (a third of the developing world) live in countries facing
water stress, and more than 250 million people living off the
land are directly affected by desertification.Global warming
is a global concern and carbon dioxide emissions are one of
its main causes. High-income countries with 14% of the world’s
population generate 44% of CO2 emissions. |
Ensure environmental sustainability |
| 8 |
$100 billion minimum is needed per year
to meet the goals, or 0.5% of the gross national income of the
Development Assistance Committee countries. Total official aid
is less than half of this. Unless rich countries keep their
pledges to deliver financing for development, the Millennium
Development Goals will not be met. More aid alone is not enough.
It also has to be more effective. Aid should not be tied, should
be harmonised with local development priorities and should have
its administration reduced as far as possible. New approaches
to debt relief are needed, particularly in the face of collapsing
produce markets. Current trade policies are highly discriminatory.
For example, agricultural subsidies in rich countries lead to
unfair competition, crippling developing countries’ markets.
The average OECD tariff on manufactured goods from developing
countries is four times those on goods from other OECD countries.
There is significant scope to improve poor people’s access
to global technologies. For example, only 10% of global spending
on medical research is directed at diseases of the poorest 90%
of the world. |
Develop a global partnership for
development |
The MDGs did not stop at goals. For each goal,
one or more clear measurable target, to be reached by 2015, has
been developed. These are the minimum targets. Countries and local
communities are free to expand these goals as they concretise them
to respond to their local reality.
Countries have been asked to take the eight goals
and localise them. This has resulted in a number of national development
targets. The tables that follow provide examples of the goals, MDG
targets and national targets. Some countries, like Vietnam, have
gone even further and developed additional goals not linked to the
MDGs as part of the process of developing their national development
targets.
For more information on the goals, targets and
processes to localise the targets please go to www.undp.org/mdg
or www.un.org/millenniumgoals.
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Goals |
Target/s |
Examples of national targets |
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Bulgaria example |
Lesotho example |
| 1 |
Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger |
Halve the proportion of people living
on less than a dollar a day and those who suffer from hunger. |
Increase average monthly income to €280.
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. Cut by one third the proportion of people
who live below the national poverty line.
I |
| 2 |
Achieve universal primary education |
Ensure that all boys and girls complete
primary school. |
Increase the net enrolment rate in secondary
school from 68.3% in 2002 to 86% and the net completion rate
from 85.1% to 90% |
Ensure that all children will be able
to complete a full course of primary school by 2007. |
| 3 |
Promote gender equality and empower women |
Eliminate gender disparities in primary and secondary education
preferably by 2005, and at all levels by 2015. |
Increase the percentage of the pay of
women in relation to the pay of men from 72% in 2002 to 80%
in 2015. |
Eliminate gender disparity in all levels
of education and increase the proportion of seats held by women
in the National Assembly to 30% by 2007. |
| 4 |
Reduce child mortality |
Reduce by two-thirds the mortality rate
among children under five. |
Reduce the child mortality rate for 0-5
age group from 17 per 1000 live births to 9.5 per 1000 live
births. |
Cut infant mortality by one third between
1990 and 2015. |
| 5 |
Improve maternal health |
Reduce by three-quarters the ratio of women
dying in childbirth. |
Reduce the maternal mortality rate from
19.1 per 100 000live births to 12 per 100 000 |
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| 6 |
Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases |
Halt and begin to reverse the spread of
HIV/AIDS and the incidence of malaria and other major diseases.
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Prevent the epidemic spread of HIV/AIDS
by limiting prevalence among people aged 15-24 from under 1%
to under 0.01% |
Halt and reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS
by 2007. |
| 7 |
Ensure environmental sustainability |
Integrate the principles of sustainable
development into country policies and programmes and reverse
the loss of environmental resources.By 2015, reduce by half
the proportion of people without access to safe drinking water.By
2020 achieve significant improvement in the lives of at least
100 million slum dwellers. |
Reverse the loss of environmental resources by increasing the
proportion of protected territories from 4.8% to 12%. |
Integrate the principles of sustainable
development into country policies and programmes and reverse
the loss of environmental resources. Halve, by 2015, the proposition
of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water
and basic sanitation. |
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Canada examples |
| 8 |
Develop a global partnership for development |
Develop further an open trading and financial
system that includes a commitment to good governance, development
and poverty reduction – nationally and internationally.Address
the least developed countries’ special needs, and the
special needs of landlocked and small island developing states.Deal
comprehensively with developing countries’ debt problems.Develop
decent and productive work for youth.In cooperation with pharmaceutical
companies, provide access to affordable essential drugs in developing
countries.In cooperation with the private sector, make available
the benefits of new technologies – especially information
and communications technologies. |
- Fulfilled a commitment to 8% annual
growth for Canadian aidCanada increased their International
Assistance Envelope by 8% each year for 2002/03, 2003/04
and 2004/05, adding $1.8 billion in new aid resources. International
aid currently receives 0.29% of Canadian Gross National
Income.
- Retooled aid delivery to improve aid
effectivenessIn September 2002, the Canadian International
Development Agency (CIDA) published “Canada making
a difference in the world: a policy statement on strengthening
aid effectiveness”. Like other donors, CIDA has used
this policy to retool many aspects of its aid delivery.
- Focused programming on sectors and strategies
to reduce povertyIn recent years, CIDA has increased resources
to the four social development priorities (basic education,
health and nutrition, HIV/AIDS, and child protection); agriculture
and rural development; and the private sector in development,
including a focus on the informal and small business sector.
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| Vietnam Development Goals (VDGs |
| Goal 1: Reduce the percentage of poor
and hungry households |
Target 1 |
Reduce by 40% the proportion
of people living below the international poverty line between
2001 and 2010 |
| Target 2 |
Reduce by 75% the number of people living
below the international food poverty line by 2010 |
| Goal 2: Universalise education and
improve education quality |
Target 1
Target 2
Target 3
Target 4
Target 5 |
Increase net enrolment in primary school
to 97% by 2005 and to 99% by 2010Increase net enrolment rate
in junior secondary school to 80% by 2005 and 90% by 2010Eliminate
the gender gap in primary and secondary education by 2005, and
the gap between ethnic minorities and others by 2010Increase
literacy to 95% of under-40-year-old women by 2005 and 100%
by 2010By 2010 have improved the quality of education and increase
full-day schooling at primary level (exact target dependson
funding) |
| Goal 3: Ensure gender equality and
women empowerment |
Target 1
Target 2
Target 3
Target 4 |
Increase the number of women in elected bodies
at all levelsIncrease the participation of women in agencies
and sectors [includes ministries, central agencies and enterprises]
at all levels by 3-5% in the next 10 years
Ensure that the names of both husband and wife appear on land-use
right certificates by 2005
Reduce the vulnerability of women to domestic violence |
| Goal 4: Reduce child mortality, child
malnutrition and reduce the birth rate |
Target 1
Target 2
Target 3 |
Reduce the infant mortality rate to 30
per 1000 live births by 2005 and 25 by 2010, and at a more
rapid rate in disadvantaged regions (see below)
Reduce the under-5 mortality rate to 36
per 1000 live births by 2005 and 32 by 2010
Reduce under-5 malnutrition to 25% by 2005 and 20% by 2010 |
| Goal 5: Improve maternal health |
| Target 1 |
Reduce the maternal mortality rate to 80
per 100 000 live births by 2005 and 70 by 2010 with particular
attention to disadvantaged areas |
| Goal 6: Reduce HIV/AIDS infection
and eradicate other major diseases |
| Target 1 |
Slow the increase in the spread of HIV/AIDs
by 2005 and halve the rate of increase by 2010 |
| Goal 7: Ensure environmental sustainability |
Target 1
Target 2
Target 3
Target 4
Target 5
Target 6 |
Extend forest cover to 43% by
2010 (from 33% in 1999)Ensure that 60% of the rural population
has access to clean and safe water by 2005 and 85% by 2010.
This should be the case for 80% of urban people by 2005.Ensure
there are no slums and temporary houses in all towns and cities
by 2010Ensure that all waste-water in towns and cities is treated
by 2010Ensure that all solid waste is collected and disposed
of safely in all towns and cities by 2010
Air and water pollution must attain national standards by 2005. |
| Vietnam Development Goals and Targets
not directly based on MDGs |
| Goal 8: Reducing vulnerability |
Target 1
Target 2 |
By 2005, increase the average
income of the lowest expenditure quintile to 140% of that in
2000 and to 190% of that by 2010
Reduce by half the rate of poor people falling back into poverty
due to natural disasters and other risks by 2010 |
| Goal 9: Improving governance for poverty
reduction |
Target 1
Target 2
Target 3 |
Effectively implement grassroots democracy
Ensure budget transparency
Implement legal reform agenda |
| Goal 10: Reducing ethnic
inequality |
Target 1
Target 2
Target 3 |
Preserve and develop the reading and writing
ability of ethnic languagesEnsure entitlement of individual
and collective land-use rights in ethnic minority and mountainous
areas
Increase the proportion of ethnic minority people in authority
bodies at various levels |
| Goal 11: Ensuring pro-poor infrastructure
development |
Target 1
Target 2 |
Provide basic infrastructure to 80% of poor communes by 2005
and 100% by 2010Expand the national transmission grid to 900
poor commune centres by 2005 |
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Tips on localising the targets
- It is important to start off with high
quality detailed poverty analysisLocalising the MDGs is
only possible when detailed country data is available on
poverty and all its dimensions, causes and trends.
- Continuously engage all line ministriesLine
ministries and departments need continuous support, ideas,
facilitated discussions and examples to facilitate their
engagement.
- Secure dedicated capacityLocalising the
MDGs is a labour-intensive effort and it is essential to
have the right specialists available to do the work.
- Network and form partnershipsExcellent
networks between all the stakeholders (government, donors,
NGOs, communities) are key, as are practical partnerships
- Facilitate vertical and horizontal linkagesCommunication
between different ministries and between national and local
government is important as it impacts on resource allocations
- Use the process to broaden discourse
on povertyThe process provides an ideal opportunity to broaden
the discourse on the nature of poverty and possible strategies
for addressing it.
- Be flexible
The MDGs and targets are merely guidelines. Rework timeframes
as Lesotho did or add new goals as Vietnam did.
- Secure ownership
Developing national goals provides a vehicle for ownership
of the MDGs. Once you have your national targets you can
link these to international commitments and processes.
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